<p>The Brookeville Historic District is a national historic district located at Brookeville, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is located in the crossroads village of Brookeville, with almost all of the houses found along the two main streets, Market and High. The majority of the structures were built before 1900, and range in style from the Federal-style Jordan House to the simple, vernacular cabin known as the Blue House. The houses are built of stone, brick, and frame, and cover a period from 1779 to the 1950s. With the exception of the Post Office and plumbing shop, the town is a residential one. Of particular interest are the many outbuildings and the brick sidewalks.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Ladder at Devils Tower was first constructed and used in 1893 by William Rogers and Willard Ripley to publicly ascend Devils Tower. Two years later Rogers wife Linnie ascended the tower via the ladder, one of a total of about 215 who have used the ladder. The last use was by Babe "The Human Fly" White in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The present tower ladder consists of a series of wooden stakes connected on the outside by vertical wood planks. One end of each stake is driven sideways into a rock crevice, vertically ascending the southeast side of the tower. Attached with nails and/or bailing wire to the other end of the stakes are 12-inch lengths of 1 x 4 - inch lumber. The ladder ascends from about 100 feet above the ground to the summit, and is about 170 feet long. Because of its small scale in comparison to the tower, it is very difficult to see in modern photographs, and visitors to the tower usually must view it through a telescope. The lowest 100 feet were removed in the 1930s as a safety measure. The remaining ladder was restored in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Sir Abu Nu’ayr  is an island in the Persian Gulf. Lying 65 km off the coast of the United Arab Emirates, roughly 80 km north of Abu Dhabi city, and 103 km west of Dubai, it belongs to the Emirate of Sharjah.</p><br>
<p>Sir Abu Nu’ayr is almost perfectly round with a diameter of four kilometers, and a one kilometer long extension at its southeast end, making the shape of the whole island appear as a drop.</p><br>
<p>Sir Abu Nu’ayr is a salt-piercement structure formed by the movement of late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Hormuz Formation salt. The salt has moved progressively upward, puncturing through the younger overlying strata to create a salt dome structure. Surface expressions are composed of evaporites rocks, plus igneous rocks and quartzitic sandstone.</p><br>
<p>Sharjah has a small harbor and an airfield both located at the island&#39;s southeast end.</p><br>
<p>Crescent Petroleum is the concession holder of the Sir Abu Nu’ayr area. The acreage is flanked to the north-northeast by Dubai&#39;s Fateh Oil Field complex, to the north by the Sirri Island oil field of Iran and to the west by the prolific oil and gas fields of Abu Dhabi.</p><br>
<p>The island, an environmentally protected area under the Sharjah Environment and Protected Areas Authority (EPAA), has been registered on the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, and was in 2012 listed as a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The Headquarters Historic District of Glacier National Park comprises the administrative and housing buildings near West Glacier, Montana on the west side of the park. The area contains a mixture of styles, ranging from National Park Service Rustic to more modern structures built immediately after World War II.</p><br>
<p>Many of the buildings were built by labor from the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Post-World War II development consists primarily of housing developed under the Mission 66 initiative. Significant buildings in the National Park Service Rustic style include the Superintendent&#39;s Residence (1923), the original Administration Building (1923), and a number of residences. Shared facilities included a messhall, bunkhouses and utility buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Polebridge Ranger Station in Glacier National Park was the first administrative area in the park, predating the park&#39;s establishment. The ranger station was destroyed by fire, leaving the residence.</p><br>
<p>The historic district originally comprised five cabins, a barn, oil house, a woodshed converted to a checking station, garage, generator house, fire cache, washhouse, and the Strissel Residence, moved to the site in 1975. Many of the other structures were moved to the site in 1955. The fire cache was built at the site in 1927, with a greater level of detailing than was usual in such structures. The 1927 log barn was a significant existing structure.</p><br>
<p>The only survivors of the 1988 Red Bench Fire were the checking station and the ranger station residence. The residence is a log structure, built in 1922.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Fitzsimons Junior High School, later The Young Men&#39;s Leadership School at Thomas E. FitzSimons High School, is a former public secondary school that, in its final years, was a secondary school for boys. It was located at 2601 Cumberland Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States and was a part of the School District of Philadelphia. The school was named after Thomas FitzSimons, who was a signer of the Constitution of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by noted architect Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1926. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as the Thomas Fitzsimons Junior High School.</p><br>
<p>In September 2005, the School District of Philadelphia converted FitzSimons Middle School, a coeducational middle school managed by Victory Schools Inc. since 2002, into an all-male middle and high school. During that year the district established The Young Women’s Leadership School at E. Washington Rhodes High School for females. The males zoned to the former FitzSimons and Rhodes zones were assigned to FitzSimons, while the females in the zones were assigned to Rhodes. After the redesign FitzSimons reported increases on assaults targeting students and teachers. Margaret Harrington, the chief operating officer of Victory, described FitzSimons as having a "transition problem." Martha Woodall of the Philadelphia Inquirer stated in a 2006 article that the boys assigned to FitzSimons had tension with the boys assigned to Rhodes, and that tensions increased when they were combined into the same school. Richard H. Jenkins Sr., the principal of FitzSimons, said in that Philadelphia Inquirer article that he began establishing order with the students as the 2005-2006 school year progressed.</p><br>
<p>Victory Schools has been relieved of responsibility for the school; for the 2009-2010 school year, the school has been returned to the authority of Philadelphia Public Schools. At the end of the 2010-2011 school year, The School District of Philadelphia relieved Principal Darryl C. Overton of his duties as the school made its transition from The Young Mens Leadership School at Thomas FitzSimons High School to Thomas FitSimons High School- Promise Academy. In August 2011, budgetary issues and political unrest within The School District of Philadelphia negatively impacted the school&#39;s program direction and Thomas FitzSimons High School did not open as a Promise Academy. However, that school year, Thomas Fitzsimons High School operated as a comprehensive neighborhood high school adopting some of the reform measures associated with the Promise Academy model. The new school, led by Principal Jafar Baraka focused on re-shaping academic programing, highlighting gender based education, systems building to address school safety and climate as well as focusing on instructional rigor and parental partnerships. In the Spring of 2012, Thomas FitzSimons High School earned AYP or " Adequate Yearly Progress" in two educational categories, under the Safe Harbor designation, the first time ever in the history of school since the adoption and implementation of the NCLB legislation of 2000.</p><br>
<p>During the Summer 2012, KIPP Du Bois Collegiate Academy, a charter high school that is part of the national KIPP network of charter schools, was housed in the Fitzsimons Building. In 2013, FitzSimons High School doors officially closed for good.</p><br>
<p>The students who were at Rhodes were reassigned to Strawberry Mansion High School.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>SEPTA serves the school with Routes 7, 33, 39, 48, and 54.</p><br>
<h2>Feeder patterns</h2><br>
<p>Feeder elementary schools include Thomas M. Peirce Elementary School, Anna B. Pratt School, John G. Whittier School, and Richard R. Wright School. Ethel Allen School, feeds into FitzSimons.</p><br>
<h2>School uniforms</h2><br>
<p>FitzSimons students were required to wear school uniforms.</p><br>
<p>The East Glacier Ranger Station in Glacier National Park is characteristic of park buildings constructed in the 1920s and 1930s. It was designed by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service Office of Plans, as a frame building compatible in style with the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style. It is the center of a group of related buildings, including several residential structures.</p><br>
<p>East Glacier, Montana was an arrival point for tourists arriving by rail in the park. Until the 1920 completion of US 2 and the Going-to-the-Sun Road, the east side of the park was isolated from the headquarters at West Glacier. The new ranger station complex at East Glacier was proposed to provide administrative services to the east side. In 1937, with the completion of the Going-to-the-Sun Road the more convenient Saint Mary Ranger Station took over maintenance duties, and four buildings at East Glacier were demolished by Civilian Conservation Corps workers.</p><br>
<p>Little Seneca Creek is an 14.0 mi stream in Montgomery County, Maryland, roughly 18 mi northwest of Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The creek drains portions of Clarksburg, Germantown, and Boyds. It rises south of Damascus and flows southward about 4.8 mi to Little Seneca Lake, a reservoir created by construction of a dam on the creek. The reservoir empties to the lower portion of the creek, which flows south about 6.6 mi to Seneca Creek, which drains to the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the creek below the lake is a cold water stream that supports wild rainbow and brown trout populations.</p><br>
<p>The creek and reservoir are a drinking water source as part of the Little Seneca system, an emergency water supply for the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality issues</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, the Montgomery County Council anticipated population growth in the Little Seneca watershed and imposed some restrictions on housing development and other new construction in part of the watershed, in order to preserve water quality before development accelerated. A "Special Protection Area" was designated that requires additional controls for stormwater runoff, beyond those required of all new projects.Montgomery County Code.</p><br>
<p>http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Maryland/montgom/partiilocallawsordinancesresolutionsetc/chapter19erosionsedimentcontrolandstormw?fn=altmain-nf.htm$f=templates$3.0#LPTOC5.1 Chapter 19, Article V (Water Quality Review in Special Protection Areas). Section 19-60 et seq.</p><br>
<p>However, the county reported in 2010 that its recent requirements for new construction projects had not been sufficient to prevent water quality impairment. Several large land development projects were constructed in Clarksburg and elsewhere in the watershed over the past several years. The county conducted biological monitoring of stream conditions and documented declines in water quality associated with the new construction. More comprehensive site designs to minimize stormwater runoff, such as conservation design or low impact development designs, were recommended.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the County Council set additional limits on development projects in order to protect the quality of the Tenmile Creek tributary and adjacent habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Boyds Tributary</p><br>
<p>*Brodsky Tributary</p><br>
<p>*Bucklodge Branch</p><br>
<p>*Cabin Branch</p><br>
<p>*Churchill Tributary</p><br>
<p>*Germantown Estates Tributary</p><br>
<p>*Milestone Tributary</p><br>
<p>*Tenmile Creek</p><br>
<p>*Town Center Tributary</p><br>
<p>The Donnelly River is a river in the South West of Western Australia. Its main tributaries are Barlee Brook and Carey Brook. The river runs primarily through state forest reserves, although 25 private landholdings are situated along the length of the river. Clearing of the catchment area is estimated at 20% with the land mostly being used for viticulture, horticulture, dairy, grazing and tourism.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European to sight the river was Lieutenant William Preston in 1831.</p><br>
<p>The river was named by James Stirling, the Governor of Western Australia, in the 1830s after Admiral Sir Ross Donnelly, a friend of Stirlings father-in-law James Mangles MP. Bannister had stood in for Mangles at Stirlings wedding to Ellen Mangles.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Donnelly is one of the few catchments left in the state that contains all of the regions endemic freshwater fishes. Native freshwater species include salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides), freshwater cobbler (Tandanus bostocki), western minnow (Galaxias occidentalis), western mud minnow (Galaxiella munda), black-stripe minnow (Galaxiella nigrostriata), western pygmy perch (Nannoperca vittata), Balstons pygmy perch (Nannatherina balstoni), nightfish (Bostockia porosa), and pouched lamprey (Geotria australis).</p><br>
<p>Many estuarine fish are found close to the mouth of the river, these include black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri), flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus), yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), Australian herring (Arripis georgianus), and freshwater cobbler (Tandanus bostocki).</p><br>
<p>Several species have been introduced into the river, including eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The latter is the most common, being specifically introduced for angling purposes, with over 500,000 being stocked into the system between 1999 and 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The river originates in an area of open jarrah-marri forest east of Yornup, between Bridgetown and Manjimup. The area contains an understorey composed of such species as bull banksia (Banksia grandis), sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana), snottygobble (Persoonia longifolia), prickly moses (Acacia pulchella), zamia palm (Macrozamia reidlei), balga (Xanthorrhoea preissii), and graceful grass tree (Xanthorrhoea gracilis).</p><br>
<p>The river then flows through a large area of tall karri forests. The understorey includes karri sheoak (Allocasuarina decussata), oakleaf thomasia (Thomasia quercifolia) and Western Australian peppermint (Agonis flexuosa).</p><br>
<p>Toward the coast the floral composition changes as the soils change to swampy flats and consolidated dunes. Species such as stout paperbark (Melaleuca preissiana), swamp paperbark (Melaleuca rhaphiophylla), yate (Eucalyptus cornuta), Warren River cedar (Taxandria juniperina), wonnich (Callistachys lanceolata), and various banksias start to dominate.</p><br>
<p>Calvary Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that was founded in 1855.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church rented space from a German Lutheran Church until a building was constructed in 1861. As Pittsburgh grew as an industrial city during the late 19th century, the church acquired a new property in 1904 and built a Gothic Revival-style building designed by architect Ralph Adams Cram. Charles Connick designed approximately 70 stained glass windows for the church between 1920 and 1939.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, Calvary Episcopal Church joined with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation to make the first radio broadcast of a church service. In 1951, the Rev. Sam Shoemaker, who already had a nationwide radio show, accepted a call as the churchs 12th rector. Shoemaker, who helped to found Alcoholics Anonymous and had long served as rector of Calvary Church in New York City, soon launched what he called the "Pittsburgh Experiment", seeking to bring Christian values into the workplace and everyday life. Although Shoemaker died in 1963 and the church recently installed its 16th rector, Shoemakers legacy lives on in the Next Step Group which meets Tuesdays and Saturdays at the church.</p><br>
<h2>2003 Lawsuit</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, Calvary Episcopal Church sued the diocese and Bishops Robert Duncan and Henry Scriven over actions taken by a special convention the diocese held after the 2003 General Convention. At the special convention, the diocese had passed a resolution that asserted that all property of individual parishes belonged to the parishes themselves, rather than to the diocese. In the suit, Calvary claimed that the diocese could not take such an action, as it violated the Dennis Canon. Eventually, the suit was settled out of court. The final settlement did not affirm Calvary Church&#39;s central contention that diocesan property was held in trust for the national church, but it created a process by which the diocese agreed to make decisions about property and assets should a congregation wish to leave the diocese.</p><br>
<h2>People involved with Calvary Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>Harvey Gaul, organist 1920–1945</p><br>
<p>Sam Shoemaker, 12th rector, 1951-1961</p><br>
<p>Boyd Vincent, Priest, 1872-1889</p><br>
<p>The Third Addition to Rockville and Old St. Marys Church and Cemetery is a historic area located at Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland. This area combines 19th century residential scale buildings with a tree-lined narrow street, country church, weathered headstones, Victorian Gothic railroad station, and a brick cast-iron front commercial structure, to create an atmosphere that evokes the era when the station served as the gateway to Rockville. In addition to Victorian Gothic, architectural styles used in residential buildings include Queen Anne, Georgian, and Colonial Revival. St. Marys Church is significant as the Countys first brick Roman Catholic church, and the handsome hardware store is the areas last surviving cast-iron brick commercial structure. The Old St. Mary&#39;s Church Cemetery is the final resting place of author F. Scott Fitzgerald, his wife Zelda Fitzgerald and his daughter Frances Fitzgerald.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Seneca Historic District is a national historic district located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland. The district comprises 3,850 acre of federal, state, and county parkland and farmland in which 15 historic buildings are situated. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, including Seneca Aqueduct , Lock No. 24 , the adjacent lock house; as well as the Seneca Quarry and quarry masters house above the quarry also stand within the district and are also within Seneca Creek State Park. The 15 historic structures are surrounded by dependencies of various periods, in most cases dating from the period of the dwelling. There are slave quarters, smokehouses, springhouses, corn cribs, and tobacco barns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Takoma Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Takoma Park, Montgomery County, Maryland. The district area was platted in 1883 by developer Benjamin Franklin Gilbert, and promoted for its natural environment and healthy setting. Originally an early railroad suburb, the opening of streetcar lines led to the expansion of the district in the early 20th century. Takoma Park houses built between 1883 and 1900 are fanciful, turreted, multi-gabled affairs of Queen Anne architecture with Stick Style and Shingle Style influence. Buildings developed after the turn of the 20th century tend to be 1-2 story brick structures with simple ornamentation, although a few display characteristics of such styles as Art Deco and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The West Montgomery Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a residential area with single-family homes predominating. The majority of the properties within the district date from the 1880s, with a few older homes and somewhat more from later periods. The predominant character of the district is set by the rows of Victorian houses built between 1880 and 1900 in a vernacular residential mode with Eastlake and Stick Style influences. Also included in the district are attorneys&#39; offices; churches and parsonages; a funeral home; the former Woodlawn Hotel, later called the Chestnut Lodge Sanitarium ; and the headquarters of the Montgomery County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Cut Bank Ranger Station in Glacier National Park was one of the first buildings built in Glacier by the National Park Service. Built in 1917, the design is in keeping with park hotel structures built by the Great Northern Railway in a Swiss chalet style that predated the fully developed National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The station was manned year-round until the late 1930s when it became a summer-only station. It was one of the first National Park Service-built facilities in Glacier. The design pre-dates the standardized National Park Service Rustic style, using a similar but simplified construction technique resembling pioneer construction. It is similar to the Saint Mary Ranger Station.</p><br>
<p>A barn was added in 1935 by Civilian Conservation Corps labor, along with a woodshed. Both structures were built to adaptations of Park Service standard designs.</p><br>
<p>The St. Mary Utility Area Historic District comprises a support area of Glacier National Park with employee housing and support buildings in the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style. The complex was built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor to replace the administrative facilities at East Glacier Ranger Station in a location more convenient to the new Going-to-the-Sun Road. The majority of development occurred between 1933 and 1941. Buildings include maintenance buildings, an oil house, a dormitory and barns. The area is surrounded by residences, not included in the district, built during the Mission 66 program and later.</p><br>
<p>A ranger station was established in the area in 1913. A mess hall was built by 1925 to serve trail and road crews. With the completion of the Going-to-the-Sun Road in 1933, the administrative facilities were expanded to complement the main administrative headquarters on the west side of the park.</p><br>
<p>The George W. Baird House is a house in Edina, Minnesota, United States, built in 1886 by a prominent farmer in the Edina Mills community. The house was originally part of a 120 acre farmstead. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in architecture, agriculture, and settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is two stories tall and is built in the Eastlake style. It has a distinctive silhouette, with multiple roof shapes, dormers, a square tower, and tall brick chimneys. The large front porch has wooden posts and balusters, with a pediment over the entrance. The exterior is embellished with stone window trim, transoms, scalloped wooden shingles in the gables, and belt courses. It was designed by prominent Minneapolis architect Charles S. Sedgwick.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant for its architecture, although it is not an outstanding example of a Charles Sedgwick-designed Eastlake house when compared to other houses. (Sedgwick also designed other properties listed on the National Register, such as the George R. Newell House and Westminster Presbyterian Church in Minneapolis, and the First National Bank and the Nehemiah P. Clarke House in St. Cloud, Minnesota.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its architectural notability, the house recalls the agricultural roots of Edina. The owner, George W. Baird, moved from Pennsylvania to Minnesota in 1857 and bought a farm in the Edina Mills area. Baird was a promoter of scientific farming practices and pioneered in livestock breeding, and he is credited with bringing the first Merino sheep to Minnesota. Baird and his wife Sarah helped found the Minnehaha Grange Hall in 1873 and both served as Grange Masters there at different times. Sarah Baird also led the state Grange for 18 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, 80 acre of the farm were platted as the County Club District, which itself is listed on the National Register. The home is in an excellent state of preservation, thanks to attention from current and previous owners. The house received a 3,500 ft&sup2; addition in 2002–2003 that does not detract from the original appearance when viewed from West 50th Street.</p><br>
<p>The Sun Camp Fireguard Cabin, also known as the Baring Creek Cabin or Baring Cabin, in Glacier National Park was an example of the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1935 by local contractor Harry E. Doverspike, the cabin was the last remaining building of the Sun Camp Ranger Station complex of buildings, which at one time included a ranger station, barn and woodshed located near the mouth of Baring Creek. The fireguard cabin was built according to cabin specifications provided by the NPS Division of Landscape Architecture. The only apparent dissimilarity is the center-wall placement of the entry. There was no indoor plumbing and heat was provided by a wood stove whose stovepipe exited through the back log wall to a stone chimney.</p><br>
<p>On July 22, 2015, the cabin was destroyed by the Reynolds Creek Wildfire.</p><br>
<p>The Many Glacier Campground Camptender&#39;s Cabin in Glacier National Park is an example of the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1934, the small cabin is significant for its association with park visitation patterns, auto camping, and NPS rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Many Glacier Campground is located approximately 2 miles west of the Many Glacier Hotel and south of the Swiftcurrent Auto Camp. The Camptender’s cabin is centrally located within the campground, amidst heavy timber. It is a single-story rectangular building constructed of an exposed-log framing system with vertical-plank siding. The building rests on a concrete-pier foundation and is covered by a log-frame side-gable roof surfaced with wood shingles. Pole purlins and rafters are exposed and the roof features a stone chimney extending from the gable ridge. A 2-step stoop of coursed, cut stone provides access to the vertical-plank door offset within the north elevation. Windows are 6 or 4-light wood frame, casement, arranged in groups of 2 or 3.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Taylor Grimes House is one of the oldest standing houses in Edina, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1869, and appears to have been influenced by Andrew Jackson Downing&#39;s book The Architecture of Country Houses. The house is a 1½ story frame cottage with intersecting gable roofs, dormers, a bay window, and a shallow front porch. Gothic Revival details are found in the second-story windows, the steeply pitched roof lines, and the gabled wall dormers. Some Italianate influences are also present in the shallow portico and the wide eaves with scroll-cut brackets. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The owner of the house, Jonathan Taylor Grimes, was an early settler in the Edina area and a pioneer horticulturist.</p><br>
<p>Eliza Grimes died in 1902, and her husband died in 1903. After his death, the farmstead was subdivided. It became the Morningside area, a streetcar suburb. Morningside seceded from Edina in 1920, then rejoined Edina in 1966. Grimes Avenue in Edina is named for him, and Alden Drive is named for his son.</p><br>
<p>The Mansfield Training School and Hospital was a state-run facility for the mentally retarded located in Mansfield, Connecticut, United States. It was active from 1860 to 1993. Its former campus, located at the junction of Connecticut Route 32 and United States Route 44 in Mansfield is a 350 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital opened in Lakeville in 1860 as the Connecticut School for Imbeciles at Lakeville. Its name was changed to the Connecticut Training School for the Feebleminded at Lakeville in 1915. Two years later, it merged with the Connecticut Colony for Epileptics (founded at Mansfield in 1910) and acquired its present name.</p><br>
<p>When it opened in 1917, the merged institution had 402 students in residence. By 1932, the resident population had grown to 1,070. During the Depression and World War II, demand for its services increased, resulting in both overcrowding and long waiting lists for new enrollments. Staffing levels increased during the 1960s as philosophies on treatment of mental retardation changed, and there were 1,609 residents and 875 full-time staff as of 1969. During the 1970s and 1980s many residents were relocated from dormitories to on-campus cottages or to group homes located around the state. By 1976 the resident population had dropped to 1,106, and by 1991 just 141 people remained as residents.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, after numerous lawsuits concerning the conditions of the hospital, Mansfield Training School was closed and its patients sent to outpatient facilities and other institutions. After the closure, some dilapidated buildings were demolished. Other buildings were split between the Bergin Correctional Institution and the University of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The "Mansfield Training School and Hospital" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The listed area was 350 acre and included 53 contributing buildings and seven non-contributing buildings. The majority of the contributing buildings were institutional buildings built between 1914 and 1930, all designed by the same architectural firm. and Also, the district included a farm that was operated beginning in 1909. The farm supplied the institution with most of its food and provided occupational therapy for people with epilepsy, as farm labor was deemed to prevent epileptic seizures. Children housed in the</p><br>
<p>institution hand-molded the concrete blocks used to construct barns on the farm property.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Memorial in Nicholasville is an historic statue located on the Jessamine County courthouse lawn in Nicholasville, Kentucky, ten miles south of Lexington, Kentucky. It is one of three locations regarding the Civil War in Jessamine County; the other two are Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park and Camp Nelson National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>It consists of an 11 ft granite pedestal and 7 ft bronze "Confederate" soldier statue with knapsack and kepi hat. Inscriptions are on all four sides of the pedestal, including a passage from Bivouac of the Dead.</p><br>
<p>The process for erecting the statue started in 1880, when Jefferson Oxley, a veteran of the Confederate Army, started the Jessamine County Memorial Association to fund such a statue. However, by 1896, sixteen years later, it had still not been built. The Association was told there was a Union soldier monument which had not been paid for, and could be theirs at a discount. For $1,500 the monument was purchased, and the Yankee was "galvanized" into a Confederate soldier.</p><br>
<p>At the dedication, over 3,500 spectators came to witness the occasion, including 160 from Louisville who came by special train. Among the Louisvillians was Bennett H. Young, who spoke at many such statue dedications. The statue was unveiled by Oxley&#39;s son Lawson, as Jefferson Oxley had died.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, the Confederate Memorial in Nicholasville was one of sixty-one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Ilium Building is a building located at the northeast corner of Fulton Street and Fourth Street in Troy, New York, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1970, and since 1986 has also been a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District. Its street address is 400 Fulton Street.</p><br>
<p>The Ilium Building is designed in the Beaux-Arts style, and is described as handsome. The building is five stories high and was one of Troys first tall buildings, featuring one of the oldest elevators in the city. The buildings exterior features detailed stonework. The building&#39;s name, Ilium, is another term for classical Troy. The building is located next to the Fulton Street Gallery.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1904. It was designed by Troy-based Cummings architectural firm. Some sources attribute the design to Marcus F. Cummings (1936-1905), while others attribute the design to Frederick M. Cummings. Marcus Cummings designed other major buildings in Troy, including the National State Bank Building, Troy Times Building, Troy City Hall, Troy High School, Troy Courthouse, Rensselaer County Courthouse, and Mount Ida Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Parc Cwm long cairn , also known as Parc le Breos burial chamber , is a partly restored Neolithic chambered tomb, identified in 1937 as a Severn-Cotswold type of chambered long barrow. The cromlech, a megalithic burial chamber, was built around 5850 years before present , during the early Neolithic. It is about seven miles  west south&ndash;west of Swansea, Wales, in what is now known as Coed y Parc Cwm at Parc le Breos, on the Gower Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>A trapezoidal cairn of rubble &ndash; the upper part of the cromlech and its earth covering now removed &ndash; about 72 ft long by 43 ft (at its widest), is revetted by a low dry-stone wall. A bell-shaped, south-facing forecourt, formed by the wall, leads to a central passageway lined with limestone slabs set on end. Human remains had been placed in the two pairs of stone chambers that lead from the passageway. Corpses may have been placed in nearby caves until they decomposed, when the bones were moved to the tomb.</p><br>
<p>The cromlech was discovered in 1869 by workmen digging for road stone. An excavation later that year revealed human bones (now known to have belonged to at least 40 people), animal remains, and Neolithic pottery. Samples from the site show the tomb to have been in use for between 300 and 800 years. North-West European lifestyles changed around 6000 BP, from the nomadic lives of the hunter-gatherer, to a settled life of agricultural farming: the Neolithic Revolution. However, analysis of the human remains found at Parc Cwm long cairn show the people interred in the cromlech continued to be either hunter-gatherers or herders, rather than agricultural farmers.</p><br>
<p>Parc Cwm long cairn lies in a former medieval deer park, established in the 1220s CE by the Marcher Lord of Gower as Parc le Breos &ndash; an enclosed area of about 2,000 acre, now mainly farmland. The cromlech is on the floor of a dry narrow limestone gorge containing about 500 acre of woodland. Free pedestrian access is via an asphalt track leading from the parks entrance, which has free parking for 12&ndash;15 cars about 250 yd from the site. Parc Cwm long cairn is maintained by Cadw, the Welsh Governments historic environment division.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the end of the last ice age (between 12,000 and 10,000 BP) Mesolithic hunter-gatherers began to migrate northwards from Central Europe; the area that would become known as Wales was free of glaciers by about 10,250 BP. At that time sea levels were much lower than today, and the shallower parts of what is now the North Sea were dry land. The east coast of present-day England and the coasts of present-day Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands were connected by the former landmass known as Doggerland, forming the British Peninsula on the European mainland. The post-glacial rise in sea level separated Wales and Ireland, forming the Irish Sea. Doggerland was submerged by the North Sea and, by 8000 BP, the British Peninsula had become an island. By the beginning of the Neolithic (6,000 BP) sea levels in the Bristol Channel were still about 33 ft lower than today. Historian John Davies has theorised that the story of Cantrer Gwaelods drowning, and tales in the Mabinogion of the water between Wales and Ireland being narrower and shallower, may be distant folk memories of that time.</p><br>
<p>Human lifestyles in North-West Europe changed around 6000 BP; from the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) nomadic lives of hunting and gathering, to the Neolithic (New Stone Age) agrarian life of agriculture and settlement. John Davies notes that such a transformation cannot have been developed by the people living in North-West Europe independently, as neither the grain necessary for crops nor the animals suitable for domestication are indigenous to the area. Recent genetic studies conclude that these cultural changes were introduced to Britain by farmers migrating from the European mainland. They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land, developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production, and used a similar tradition of long barrow construction that began in continental Europe during the 7th millennium BP &ndash; the free standing megalithic structures supporting a sloping capstone (known as dolmens), common across Atlantic Europe that were, according to John Davies, "the first substantial, permanent constructions of man". Such massive constructions would have needed a large labour force (up to 200 men) suggestive of large communities nearby. However, in his contribution to History of Wales, 25,000 BC AD 2000, archaeologist Joshua Pollard notes that not all Neolithic communities were part of the simultaneous "marked transformations in material culture, ideology and technical practices" known as the Neolithic Revolution.</p><br>
<h2>Severn-Cotswold tombs</h2><br>
<p>The cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm is one of 120&ndash;30 sites identified as belonging to the category of long barrow tomb known as the Severn-Cotswold or Cotswold-Severn group. Excavations show these tombs to have been built on sites that had already "gained some significance". Archaeologist Julian Thomas theorises that these sites may have been "very long-lived woodland clearances" that had become landmarks and meeting-places.</p><br>
<p>Constructed during the Neolithic, cairns in the Severn-Cotswold tradition share several characteristics: an elongated trapezoidal (or wedge) shape up to 328 ft long; a cairn (a mound of deliberately placed stones or rocks erected as a memorial or marker); a revetment (retaining wall) of carefully constructed dry-stone walling that also defines a horned forecourt at the widest end; huge capstones supported by orthostats; and a chamber (or chambers) in which human remains were placed, accessible after the cairn was completed by way of a gallery (passageway). Diverse internal transept chamber plans exist within the group. The earlier tombs contained multiple chambers set laterally, or pairs of transept chambers leading from a central passageway; the later, terminally chambered tombs, contained a single chamber.</p><br>
<p>As the name implies, Severn-Cotswold cairns are concentrated mainly to the east of the River Severn, in and around the Cotswolds, in present-day England. However, similar Severn-Cotswold type structures have been identified in south east Wales &ndash; between Brecon, Gower and Gwent &ndash; and in Capel Garmon (near Betws-y-Coed, Conwy, north Wales), Wayland&#39;s Smithy (Oxfordshire, England) and Avebury (Wiltshire, England). As well as monuments to house and to honour their departed ancestors, these cromlechs may have been communal and ceremonial sites where, according to archaeologist Francis Pryor, people met "to socialise, to meet new partners, to acquire fresh livestock and to exchange ceremonial gifts".</p><br>
<p>Parc Cwm long cairn is one of six chambered tombs discovered on Gower and one of 17 in what is commonly known as Glamorgan. Severn-Cotswold cairns are the oldest surviving examples of architecture in Great Britain &ndash; Parc Cwm long cairn was built about 1,500 to 1,300 years before either Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The megalithic cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm, known as Parc Cwm long cairn (carn hir Parc Cwm), is a Severn-Cotswold type chambered tomb, built around 5850 BP (during the early Neolithic) in what is now known as Gower &ndash; about eight miles (13 km) west of Swansea, Wales, and about miles (2 km) north of the Bristol Channel. Alternative names include Parc le Breos burial chamber (siambr gladdu Parc le Breos), the Long Cairn and the Giant&#39;s Grave.</p><br>
<p>The cromlech consists of a north&ndash;south aligned long mound of locally obtained rocks and cobbles, mainly of limestone, revetted by two coursed, dry-stone kerbs of "a fine standard". The inner wall was built using a heavier stone. Trapezoid-shaped and about 72 ft long, the cromlech tapers from 43 ft wide at its southern entrance to about 20 ft at its northern end. The wall at the front, right section, is missing or has collapsed, and the rubble has tumbled out leaving a previously covered orthostat exposed.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance to the tomb the kerbs sweep inwards to form a pair of deep protrusions, or horns, forming a narrow bell-shaped forecourt. A straight central passageway (or gallery), 21 ft long by 3 ft wide, orientated north&ndash;south, leads from the forecourt into the cairn. Each side of the passageway is lined with thin limestone slabs known as orthostats, placed on end and up to 5 ft high with a coursed dry-stone infill between the slabs. Two pairs of rectangular transept chambers lead from the passageway, averaging feet (1.6 m), east&ndash;west, by feet (1.0 m); or "6 ft by 2 ft", according to Archaeologia Cambrensis in 1886. Each, except the south west chamber, has shallow limestone sillstones at its entrance.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologist R J C Atkinson believed that (unusually among cairns in the Severn-Cotswold tradition) Parc Cwm long cairn had been built beside a stream that now flows underground. He noted that the stones on the eastern side had "marked signs of erosion and rounding by silt-laden flood-water".</p><br>
<p>Originally, the transept chambers would have been covered with one large (or several smaller) capstones, enclosing the chambers containing human remains. The earth covering and the upper part of the cromlech have been removed, leaving the passageway and lateral chambers fully exposed. There is no record of a capstone having been discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Workmen digging for road stone discovered the site in 1869. The excavation revealed human bones that were "much broken and in no regular arrangement", animal remains ("deer and swine&#39;s teeth"), and sherds of "plain Western Neolithic pottery". Following the excavation, most of the human remains were reburied in clay pots beneath their original contexts, some are held in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, England &ndash; with the animal and pottery remains &ndash; and the whereabouts of the remainder are unrecorded.</p><br>
<p>An excavation led by Professor Glyn Daniel in 1937 identified the site as a chambered long barrow. However, more recently, long barrows have been defined as having long earthen mounds with wooden internal structures, whereas chambered tombs, while also being covered by a long mound, have internal chambers built of stone. No long barrows with wooden internal structures have been identified in southeast Wales, perhaps because long barrows were usually built where there was no suitable stone.</p><br>
<p>At Parc Cwm long cairn a variety of mortuary practices was evident and the deliberate ordering of skeletal parts noticeable. Whittle and Wysocki (1998) note cremated human remains were placed only in the front, right (south&ndash;east) chamber, where females and males, and all age ranges were represented. The south&ndash;east chamber was also unusual in that it contained nearly three times as many individuals as in each of the other chambers, which contained the remains of all representative groups except younger children and infants. At the forecourt entrance Atkinson recorded finds, deposited in groups, including: flint debitage, lithic cores and a bladelet (burnt and unburnt); a leaf-shaped arrowhead (burnt); pieces of quartz; pieces of stalactite (now missing); sherds of Neolithic pottery; and cremated bone fragments. Atkinson speculated that the stalactite originated from Cat Hole cave, which (along with Tooth Hole cave) Whittle and Wysocki note as a possible source of the quartz too.</p><br>
<p>Following the excavation led by R J C Atkinson in 1960, the cromlech was placed under the guardianship of the then Ministry of Public Building and Works</p><br>
<p>and, in 1961, was partly restored.</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>Few human remains survive in Great Britain from the early Neolithic (c. 6400&ndash;c. 5850 BP), although they are comparatively well preserved in the Black Mountains (Mynydd Du), Gower and the Vale of Glamorgan (Bro Morgannwg) where up to 50 individuals have been interred &ndash; men, women and children &ndash; in each cromlech.</p><br>
<p>The skeletal remains of over 40 individuals were recovered from the cromlech at Parc le Breos Cwm, some of which showed evidence of weathering and of biting and gnawing by animals. This suggests the corpses lay exposed to decompose and were interred in the burial chambers defleshed, as parcels of bone. Skeletal remains from the passageway were part–articulated, showing no sign of animal scavenging, suggesting they were placed in the cromlech as fleshed corpses. Whittle and Wysocki note that among the human remains are the bones of "8 dogs, a cat, a red deer, pig, sheep and cattle". They speculate that the two caves near the cromlech were used as depositories for the corpses prior to decomposition, and that when the bones were collected from the caves for reinterment others already lying in the cave were unwittingly gathered too.</p><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dated samples from the cromlech show the tomb was accessed by many generations over a period of 300–800 years, and that the human bones are the disarticulated remains (i.e., not complete skeletons) of at least 40 individuals: male and female adults, adolescents, children, and infants. One of the red deer bones has been radiocarbon dated to between 2750 BP and 2150 BP, showing that at least some of the bones entered long after the site had been deserted.</p><br>
<h3>Lifestyle indicators</h3><br>
<p>Examination of the bones from which stature could be estimated, indicate that the male mortuary population were "big men" &ndash; the 1869 report notes males of "gigantic proportions" &ndash; whereas the females were "short and gracile". Pollard notes that males analysed from Parc Cwm long cairn were "particularly robust" when compared to females.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the publication of Whittle and Wysocki&#39;s 1998 report, bones and teeth of the mortuary population of Parc Cwm long cairn were re-examined for indications of lifestyle and diet.</p><br>
<p>Musculoskeletal analysis showed significant gender lifestyle variation. Greater leg muscle development was found in males of the Parc Cwm cromlech, possibly the result of hunting or herding, confirming the sexual dimorphism found in previous analyses of the remains. In contrast, no such variation was noticeable in the remains found during excavations from other nearby sites, for example the Tinkinswood burial chamber, in the Vale of Glamorgan. The variation in musculoskeletal stress markers may indicate a mobile lifestyle for at least some of the males analysed.</p><br>
<p>Evidence obtained from stable isotope analysis shows plant foods, including cereals, formed only a small proportion of their dietary protein. The majority derived from animals &ndash; i.e., meat, and milk or blood &ndash; and contained none from marine sources.</p><br>
<p>Remains of human teeth were analysed for evidence of arrested development and decay. Arrested development implies periods of nutritional shortage, which could indicate failed harvests. Decay implies either periods of food shortage, or a diet consisting of high proportions of carbohydrate or softer cooked meat, or both. Dental analyses showed no sign of periods of decay or arrested development, even where there was "considerable wear", indicating a lifestyle that was not dependent on farming cereals. The 1887 bone report notes the "good condition of the teeth". Whittle and Wysocki noted the "slight" presence of tartar, and that only one tooth had been lost before death, a mandibular incisor.</p><br>
<p>Whittle and Wysocki conclude, from the skeletal and dental analyses, that the lifestyles of the people who were to be interred in the cromlech either continued to be one of hunting and gathering or, more likely, a pastoral life of herding, rather than one of agrarian-based farming.</p><br>
<h2>Cathole Cave</h2><br>
<p>The Cathole Cave, Cat Hole Cave or Cathole Rock Cave, is a steep limestone outcrop, about 200 yd north of the cromlech along the Parc le Breos Cwm valley and near the top of the gorge, about 50 ft from the valley floor. The cave is a deep triangular fissure penetrating the hillside and narrowing towards the top. It has two entrances, with a natural platform outside the larger of the two.</p><br>
<p>The cave was used as a shelter by bands of Mesolithic hunters and as a Neolithic ossuary. During the first excavation of the cave in 1864, finds were made only from the Mesolithic to medieval periods. In his "The Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society vol.25 (1959), pp. 260&ndash;69", archaeologist Charles McBurney notes that "In the Post Glacial period the cave was much used by Mesolithic hunters&quot a conclusion confirmed by John Campbell&#39;s excavation of 1977.</p><br>
<p>A 1984 excavation by Aldhouse-Green revealed the earliest finds from the cave, two tanged points that may date to c. 28,000 BP, an interglacial period during the Late Pleistocene roughly contemporaneous with the Red Lady of Paviland. The "lady" was discovered in a cave between Port Eynon and Rhossili, about eight miles (13 km) west of Cathole Cave, and has been radiocarbon dated to c. 29,000 BP, the oldest known human burial in Great Britain.</p><br>
<p>Rock art from the Upper Paleolithic, thought to represent a reindeer, was discovered on the back wall of Cathole Cave in September 2010. The engraving, measuring approximately 15 x 11 cm, has been radiocarbon dated to 14,505 ± 560 BP. According to George Nash, the archeologist who made the discovery, it is "the oldest rock art in the British Isles, if not north-western Europe".</p><br>
<p>Late glacial tool finds from the Upper Palaeolithic date to c. 12,000 BP: flint blades known as Cheddar points; smaller bladelets known as Cresswell points; scrapers; burins or lithic flakes; flint and bone awls; and a bone needle. Flint rarely occurs in Wales other than in drifts, or as small pebbles on beaches. Flint tools would therefore have to have been brought to Gower from other areas, such as those now known as southern or eastern England, or Antrim, either as finished tools or as incomplete, or unworked, nodules. Remains of red fox, Arctic fox, brown bear, tundra vole, and possibly reindeer, were found at the same level as the Upper Palaeolithic tools, providing evidence of the climate c. 12,000 BP. Other animal remains excavated during the 19th century, which may predate the Late glacial finds, include mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, red deer and giant deer.</p><br>
<p>Several finds date to the Bronze Age, including a bronze socketed axe, two human skeletons, and sherds of pottery from burial urns and other vessels.</p><br>
<h2>Llethryd Tooth Cave</h2><br>
<p>An excavation of the Llethryd Tooth Cave, or Tooth Hole cave, a Bronze Age ossuary site at a cave about 1,500 yd north, north west of the cromlech, was carried out by D. P. Webley and J. Harvey in 1962. It revealed the disarticulated remains of six people, dated to the Early Bronze Age or Beaker culture. Other contemporary finds, now held at the Amgueddfa Cymru–National Museum Wales, Cardiff, include collared urn pottery, flaked knives, a scraper, flint flakes, a bone spatula, a needle and bead, and animal bones &ndash; the remains of domesticated animals, including cat and dog. Whittle and Wysocki note that this period of occupation may be "significant", with respect to Parc Cwm long cairn, as it is "broadly contemporary with the secondary use of the tomb".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Neolithic cromlech at Parc le Breos is about seven miles (12 km) west south&ndash;west of Swansea, Wales, near the centre of Gower, midway between the villages of Llanrhidian and Bishopston. Its nearest village is Parkmill, a small rural settlement about one mile (1.5 km) to the south&ndash;east.</p><br>
<p>Parc Cwm long cairn lies on the floor of a dry, narrow, limestone gorge, at an elevation of about 50 ft above sea level, less than miles (2 km) from the south coast of Gower. It is in about 500 acre of woodland called Coed y Parc, the remnants of a former medieval deer park (Parc le Breos) from which the cromlech derives its alternative name: Parc le Breos burial chamber. Established as an enclosed area of about 2,000 acre by John de Braose, Marcher Lord of Gower, in about 1221&ndash;32 CE, the park is now mainly farmland. A 19th-century hunting lodge about 1,200 yd north&ndash;east of Parc Cwm long cairn has been converted into a hotel and pony trekking (horse riding) centre called Parc le Breos.</p><br>
<p>Coed y Parc is owned and managed by Forestry Commission Wales. The site is open to the public free of charge and has parking for 12&ndash;15 cars about 750 ft away. Facing the car park on the opposite side of the lane, a kissing gate allows wheelchair access to a level asphalt track running past the cromlech down the length of the gorge, passing within about 10 ft of the cairn. Parc Cwm long cairn is maintained by Cadw (to keep), the Welsh Government&#39;s historic environment division.</p><br>
<p>Mallows Bay is a small bay on the Maryland side of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland. The bay is the location of what is regarded as the "largest shipwreck fleet in the Western Hemisphere" and is described as a "ship graveyard."</p><br>
<p>Charles County operates Mallows Bay Park (1440 Wilson Landing Road in Nanjemoy, Maryland). This small park contains the graves of more than 230 United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation ships sunk in the river. Almost ninety were poorly constructed steamships built during World War I; in 1925 they were burned and scuttled in the bay. Bethlehem Steel then built a salvage basin during World War II to recover metal from the abandoned ships. The ships form a reef that hosts an array of wildlife. A 0.8-mile trail loops around Mallows Bay Park and the salvage basin.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a boat ramp and pier for recreational use was constructed to provide access to the Potomac River at Mallows Bay. It is popular to canoe or kayak among the ship ruins.</p><br>
<p>Mallows Bay has passed the nomination process to become a National Marine Sanctuary and will be entering the next phase of designation involving a highly participatory and transparent public review process.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost fleet</h2><br>
<p>The "Ghost Fleet" of Mallows Bay is a reference to the hundreds of ships whose remains still rest in the relatively shallow waters of Mallows Bay.</p><br>
<p>Mallows Bay contains the largest collection of wrecks in the Western Hemisphere. More than 100 of the vessels are wooden steamships, part of a fleet built to cross the Atlantic during World War I. However, most of these ships were obsolete upon completion after the end of the war. The most distinct ship seen at Mallows Bay is the S.S. Accomac.</p><br>
<p>The ships were stored in the James River until they were sold to the Western Marine & Salvage Company. The company moved the ships to the Potomac River at Widewater, Virginia and in 1925, they were towed to Mallows Bay. Western Marine went bankrupt and the ships remained where they lay.</p><br>
<p>The bay was listed as an archaeological and historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Soldiers Home, later known as the Minnesota Veterans Home in Minneapolis, is an old soldiers home near Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota. After the American Civil War and the devastation that it caused, there was sentiment that the United States should provide care for its veterans. The Minnesota Legislature authorized the establishment of the Soldiers Home in 1887, as a "reward to the brave and deserving". Construction began the following year, in 1888. By 1911, the home had five mens cottages and one womens cottage, along with other buildings such as an infirmary, a dining hall, and so on. The home was originally envisioned as a place of rest and as a monument in appreciation of veterans contributions. As such, it was beautifully landscaped, and medical care was not provided until after World War I. Even then, medical care was a secondary goal.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the Soldiers&#39; Home Board of Trustees recognized that the Home should provide health care as a primary goal. This shift was gradual. In 1968, the home was licensed for 56 nursing care beds and 375 boarding care beds, which were primarily non-medical care. The home was operated in a quasi-military fashion at the time. As priorities shifted, medical care became more of a focus. A new nursing care facility was built on the Minneapolis campus in 1972, with another following in 1980. In 1978, the old state hospital in Hastings was converted into a domiciliary residence for veterans. This resulted in a total of 250 nursing care beds in Minneapolis, 250 domiciliary beds in Minneapolis, and 200 domiciliary beds in Hastings.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the Legislature reorganized the Veterans Homes, separating them from the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Veterans Homes Board of Directors was established to turn the homes into high quality health care facilities while also considering the special needs of the veteran population. The Board has memberships from both the health care field and veterans&#39; organizations. There are now five Veterans Homes in Minnesota. The Minneapolis campus has 346 skilled nursing care beds and 77 domiciliary beds, and the Hastings campus has 200 domiciliary care beds. A home in Silver Bay has 89 skilled nursing care beds, a home in Luverne has 85 skilled nursing care beds, and a home in Fergus Falls has 85 skilled nursing care beds.</p><br>
<p>The veterans community, from the days of the Grand Army of the Republic and the United Spanish War Veterans to the present, has been active in supporting the Minnesota Veterans Homes. They promote the homes and provide awareness of the services provided by the Veterans Homes. They also play a role in advocacy by promoting the causes of veterans to make sure their needs are met. The community has also monitored the homes to ensure that residents are receiving quality care. Finally, the veterans community has provided very generous donations of money and equipment to the Homes. These donations have improved the quality of life for the residents.</p><br>
<p>The Rahr–West Art Museum is an art museum on USA Route 10 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. It is located in the Joseph Vilas Jr. House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house is a significant example of Queen Anne Style architecture.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The house was built between 1891 and 1893 for Joseph Vilas (1832-1905) and his wife Mary (1837-1901) at a cost of between $35,000 and $50,000. Joseph Vilas was a merchant and twice the mayor of Manitowoc. The 13-room house was designed by George Ferry and Alfred Clas right before they designed the Pabst Mansion in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The house sat vacant from Vilas&#39; death in 1905 until Rahr Malting President Reinhardt Rahr purchased it in 1910. His widow donated the house to the city of Manitowoc in 1941 to use as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Rooms</h2><br>
<p>In the house&#39;s first floor, the open carriageway entrance was enclosed in 1975. During a 1950 renovation, a modern stained glass entrance was added. It leads to a room which used to consist of two rooms - reception hall and a dining room. A fireplace partition was removed in 1950 to create the single room. The Rahr parlor was used for exhibitions for around 20 years until 1977, when it was restored to its 1910 appearance. The walls are covered in silk and bordered rug and it is furnished with original furniture. The room contains a family photograph and a bronze bust by Reinhardt Rahr. One of six remaining original fireplaces is located in the room, and it contains fluted columns, floral swags, and dentils. An oval mirror is located above it. Three adjacent rooms are used to display art.</p><br>
<p>The John P. Nash memorial library is located at the top of the stairwell on the houses second floor. Originally a bedchamber, the room was renovated in 1995 by donations from Nashs family. The room contains a bay window, mantel, and a marbel wash basin behind a paneled door. The Schwartz Ivories Room was once a dressing or servants room. It now contains the Simon Schwartz Collection of Chinese Ivories, which was donated to the museum in 1973. The collection contains items from over 300 years of history including over 40 rare pieces. The Porcelain Room houses a collection of hand-painted porcelain sculptures created by Boehm Studios. Mrs. Guido Rahrs collection of dolls are displayed in the Doll Room. They were acquired in her travels around the world. The items are ceremonial, folklore, and popular figures from their country. Furnished dollhouses in the room were donated by Amy Brady. The dollhouses contain 1930s furnishings from Marshall Fields. The Doll Room also contains the furnishings from a Victorian dining room. The Kamogawa Room contains a collection of gifts from Manitowoc&#39;s Japanese sister city Kamogawa.</p><br>
<p>A wing was added to the house in 1975 to hold exhibits. The wing was paid for with donations from John and Ruth West and the Rahr Foundation. Another wing was added in 1986 to display and store a permanent collection of American art donated by the Wests.</p><br>
<p>The museums permanent collection holds pieces by Georgia OKeeffe, Andy Warhol, Picasso, Isidore Bonheur, Eyvind Earle, and Milton Avery. The Courtyard Garden, located just inside the museum entrance, was established in 1975 by Mrs. John West and the Manitowoc Garden Club. It contains a bronze sculpture Waiting by Bruno Lucchesi in Wisconsin shrubs and trees. The Ruth West Gallery, the largest exhibition space, is used for around 10 exhibitions per year. It sometimes host lectures and recitals. The John West Gallery has exhibitions that changes every four to six weeks. It is sometimes used to display art of the museum&#39;s collection.</p><br>
<p>Ruth West in the winter of 1974 began a community art activity for a week, the "Art of Tablesettings", featuring displays of wall art over uniquely themed tables, chairs, dishware and flatware. Drawing from a pool of registrations, eventually over thirty displays are arranged in the two 1975 gallery&#39;s west of the mansion, during the six weeks.</p><br>
<h2>Sputnikfest</h2><br>
<p>On September 5, 1962, a 20 lb piece of the 7 ton Sputnik 4 crashed on North Eighth Street east of the museum. The impact location is marked with a ring. A cast was made from the original piece before the Soviets claimed it, and the cast was displayed at the museum. The city holds an annual Sputnikfest celebration.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Wayne Morse Family Farm, a City of Eugene park, was the home of Oregon’s long-time United States Senator, Wayne Morse. It is located in Eugene, Oregon. The 27 acre site was originally a working farm called Edgewood Farm by the Morse family. It includes the Morse home, a natural wooded area, and open meadow. Formerly named Morse Ranch, the park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Wayne Morse</h2><br>
<p>Wayne Lyman Morse was a law professor and independent-minded politician from Oregon. He was born in Wisconsin, but moved to Eugene in 1930, where he taught law at the University of Oregon. In 1944, Morse was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican. In 1952, he left the Republican Party, becoming an Independent. Three years later, Morse joined the Democratic Party. Morse continued to serve in the Senate until 1968. He died in Portland, Oregon in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Morse house</h2><br>
<p>The Morse house was built in 1936. It is a colonial revival style home designed by Wallace Hayden. The house is a standard wood-frame structure with shingle siding on a concrete foundation. The interior is furnished with period furniture from the 1930s and 1940s that help preserve the historic integrity of the home. Morse memorabilia is also on display in the house. This includes a small collection of copies of political cartoons featuring Wayne Morse, which were donated to him by the artists. The original collection is maintained by the Oregon Historical Society in Portland. Because of its importance to the political history of Oregon, the Morse house and surrounding park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The historic house is open to the public by appointment and can be rented for small events. The Wayne Morse Historical Park Corporation works with the City of Eugene to preserve the Morse house and park. Members of the group give tours, organize events, and maintain the Morse collection exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>Morse Family Farm</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the house, the 27 acre park includes a natural wooded area and meadow land. Originally, it was a working farm the Morse family called Edgewood Farm. Today, it is a City of Eugene park with open space, restrooms, picnic tables, and a large picnic shelter which is available for rent from May through October. When the shelter is not reserved, it is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The park grounds are open daily from dawn until 9:30 pm Nature walks are a popular attraction. Dogs are permitted in the fenced off-leash dog exercise area. In the summer, the City of Eugene operates a day camp in the park. The Willamette Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, which is not affiliated with the Wayne Morse Family Farm, is also located on the grounds of the park. The center rehabilitates injured birds and small animals.</p><br>
<p>St Audries Park Manor house at West Quantoxhead in the Quantock Hills of Somerset, England the manor house of the Aclands was rebuilt on the site of an earlier house, between 1835 and 1870 and has had a number of owners since Sir Alexander sold the building.</p><br>
<p>The property was divided in 1934, when the house was sold and turned into St Audries School, which remained in occupation until 1990. In 1996 the house was sold to the Amitabha Buddhist Centre.</p><br>
<p>It was sold again in 2001, and is now owned and operated by Country House Wedding Ltd, specialising in weddings within country house settings.</p><br>
<p>The Manor House itself consists of the Great Hall with a soaring vaulted ceiling, an oak panelled library and classically proportioned elegant dining and drawing rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house and parkland, which is listed, Grade II, on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England, are on the Heritage at Risk register.</p><br>
<p>The Baie de Douarnenez is a bay in Finistère, France, between the Crozon peninsula to the north and the cap Sizun to the south. It is formed of a vast semi-circular basin over 16 km wide and 20 km from its entrance to the opposite shore. Although half closed off to the west by cap de la Chèvre, it opens out again to a width of 9 km on the side of the mer d&#39;Iroise. To the south-east is the port of Douarnenez, which was the center of a large sardine industry in the early 20th century. The bay was named after it. Dourarnenez is the only settlement of importance on the banks of the bay. The bathing station at Morgat is located to the north, on the Crozon peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The mythical town of Ys, which legend says was engulfed by the ocean, is commonly said to be located in this bay.</p><br>
<p>Valgejõgi  is a river in Northern Estonia. Its source is in Lake Porkuni in Pandivere  and it drains into Hara Bay  at Loksa .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Valgejõgi lacks any major tributaries. Its drainage basin is long and narrow, dominated by forests and wetlands (more than 2/3 of total area). Agricultural land use is concentrated in the upper section of drainage basin, while forests dominate in the middle and lower sections, where the river borders the Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve and flows through Lahemaa National Park. The towns of Loksa (in the mouth) and Tapa (about 17 km from the source) are the only bigger setllements on the river.</p><br>
<h3>Nõmmeveski waterfall</h3><br>
<p>19 km upstream from the river mouth the river flows over the Baltic Klint, forming the Nõmmeveski waterfall. The waterfall and Nõmmeveski canyon (several tens of meters deep and a few hundred meters long) are a popular tourist destination in Lahemaa National Park.</p><br>
<p>Traveller&#39;s Rest — also known as the General Horatio Gates Home — is a historic house located near Kearneysville, Jefferson County, West Virginia. It was the home of General Horatio Gates. The eastern section was built in 1773, with the western added a few years later. The eastern section is a 1 1/2 story structure over a full basement, with a gable roof. It measures about 34 feet wide and 30 feet deep. The western section is also a 1 1/2 story structure with a full basement and measures about 16 feet wide and 30 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>Gates and his family sailed from England to Virginia in 1772 and bought 659 acre on the Potomac River near Shepherdstown in what is now West Virginia. He built this limestone house and became a slave owner, a local justice, and a lieutenant colonel in the militia. In 1790, he sold the home, freed his slaves and moved to New York City.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Sherrill United Methodist Church is a historic church at 301 Main Street in Sherrill, Arkansas. Its congregation is one of the oldest and continuously active churches in Jefferson County, Arkansas. Established in 1847, it was originally called Sherrill Methodist Episcopal Church South. In 2002, under that name, its building, a fine Gothic Revival structure built in 1910, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Sherrill United Methodist Church, at 118 West Main Street (on Highway 15 North 15 miles from Pine Bluff) in Sherrill, is a single story, wood-frame structure built 1909-1910 in a design reflecting the Craftsman and Gothic Revival styles of architecture.</p><br>
<p>“By 1909, the congregation had outgrown the home it had occupied since 1895,” the National Register nomination committee says. “Under the leadership of the late Reverend Frank Rogers, ground was broken on the same site and construction of the present structure begun.”</p><br>
<p>“By 1926 the membership had once more outgrown its accommodations. The parsonage was dismantled and the salvaged materials were used to build an addition at the rear of the building. This addition contained the fellowship hall and Sunday School rooms.” - (article written and contributed by Reverend Bill Ferguson, Pastor Sherrill United Methodist it appeared in quoted the Pine Bluff Commercial June 2, 2002).</p><br>
<p>Tell Beydar is a village and ancient site in the modern Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria. It was the Ancient Near Eastern</p><br>
<p>city of Nabada. It is connected by road to Al-Darbasiyah on the Turkish border in the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nabada was first settled during the Early Dynastic period circa 2600 BC. By around 2500 BC a medium sized independent city-state had developed. At that point, it became a provincial capital under the kingdom centered at Nagar, now Tell Brak. After the Jezirah region was conquered by the Akkadians, Nabada became an outpost of that empire. The city was than abandoned until</p><br>
<p>re-occupied for a time circa 1400 BC by the Hurrians and again in the Neo-Assyrian and Hellenistic periods.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The central site of Tell Beydar covers about 25 hectare. A much later 50 hectare Hurrian/Neo-Assyrian site lies at the base of the tell. At the top of the tell there is a Hellenistic settlement. Tell Beydar has been excavated for 16 seasons since 1992 by a joint Syrian and European team made up of the European Centre for Upper Mesopotamian Studies and the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums of Syria. The team leads are Marc Lebeau and Antoine Suleiman. A number of other institutions, including the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago have also participated. Besides the architectural and pottery findings from the excavation, almost 250 early cuneiform tablets and fragments were recovered, dating from the pre-sargonic period. The tablets are agricultural records for the most part, but do establish some synchronisms with Tell Brak. The language used in the tablets is a variant of the Semitic Akkadian language and the personal names referred to were also Semitic. A number of clay sealing have also been recovered. Finds from Tell Beydar are on display in the Deir ez-Zor Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Logan Pass Visitor Center in Glacier National Park was constructed at the summit  of the Going-to-the-Sun Road during the Mission 66 park facilities improvement program. The design concept was originated by architect Cecil J. Doty of the National Park Service Western Office of Design and Construction. Burt L. Gewalt of the Kalispell, Montana architectural firm Brinkman and Lenon was responsible for the construction documents, carried out between 1960 and 1962. Construction was completed in 1966. The visitor center uses common Mission 66 themes such as a broad, gently sloping roof, native stone, and glulam timber construction.</p><br>
<p>The Logan Pass Visitor Center was one of the most significant Mission 66 projects, involving the construction of a large visitor orientation facility with attendant parking lots, utility services and amenities at the summit of Logan Pass. The altitude of the pass is 6,646 ft, and is inaccessible from October to May in most years. The summit of Logan Pass had previously been used as a rest stop with toilet facilities. The size of the visitor center was somewhat reduced because the Saint Mary Visitor Center at the east end of the Going-to-the-Sun Road and the park headquarters at the opposite end at West Glacier provided appropriate orientation features in a less demanding physical environment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main section of the Logan Pass Visitor Center steps up its hillside with two main levels within a single-story enclosure. The lower level is the "Fireplace Room" facing northeast, featuring a concrete hearth with a copper hood. The information desk was originally in this space, but was moved to the upper level "Exhibit Room" in 1992. The upper level houses interpretive exhibits. As built, the visitor center used bright paint colors that were toned down to a conservative Park Service brown palette shortly after construction. Semi-separated toilet facilities are below the lower level, facing the parking lot. They were enlarged in 1985. An office addition for Park Service personnel was constructed at the same time.</p><br>
<p>The visitor center as originally built was 3,600 ft&sup2; in area.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Preliminary design was carried out in the Park Services Western Office of Design and Construction, primarily by WODC architect Cecil J. Doty, with assistance from Milton Swatek and Ed Dottery. The preliminary design set forth the Park Services design intent for size, arrangement and general architectural character. The WODC design was sent to the Kalispell architecture-engineering firm of Brinkman and Lenon, where Burt L. Gewalt was assigned the task of developing detailed design documents. Gewalt made detail changes, increasing the size of the chimney and using stone-embedded concrete, a construction method originally developed by Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The construction contract was awarded to the Hefte Construction Company of Spokane, Washington in June 1963 for a contract cost of about $136,600. A separate contract was awarded for water and sewer utility work, for $61,319. Work began in July 1963 and stopped in late October for the winter. It resumed in July 1964, running through October, and again in 1965. The visitor center was completed on August 27, 1966. A separate contract for parking lot and site improvements was completed on September 12, 1966 at a cost of $168,176. Gewalt was the supervising architect through construction.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Logan Pass Visitor Center was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 2008, when it was 44 years old, less than the usual threshold for inclusion of 50 years. The visitor center was cited in the nomination for its unusual design significance and prominence in Glacier National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Mary Visitor Center in Glacier National Park, with the connected Saint Mary Checking Station and Entrance Station was constructed at the east entrance to the Going-to-the-Sun Road during the Mission 66 park facilities improvement program. It was designed by Burt L. Gewalt of the Kalispell, Montana architectural firm Brinkman and Lenon, and was completed in 1967. The complex uses common Mission 66 themes such as native stone, and glulam timber construction, combined with a dramatic roof structure that echoes the mountain peaks in the background. The stone in the walls came from the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The view of the "St. Mary" webcam on the Glacier National Park official website is broadcast from the center and shows the westward-facing view over St. Mary Lake, which includes a distant view of Logans Pass. There is also an osprey nest about one hundred meters to the east of the building, which can be viewed from the visitor parking lot and from the parks osprey webcam.</p><br>
<p>The complex consists of the main visitor center, with a connected entrance station. Two checking stations or kiosks are located in the roadway. Recent renovations have restored the original teal, ebony and peach color scheme, which had been obscured by the application of standard National Park Service brown paint.</p><br>
<p>The Swiftcurrent Auto Camp Historic District preserves a portion of the built-up area of Glacier National Park that documents the second phase of tourist development in the park. After the creation of a series of hotels for train-borne visitors including the nearby Many Glacier Hotel, courtesy of the Great Northern Railway&#39;s hotel concession, facilities were developed for the increasing numbers of automobile-borne tourists, drawn to Glacier by the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The Swiftcurrent Auto Camp at Swiftcurrent Lake was created for these new tourists. It includes a rustic general store, built in 1935 by the Glacier Park Hotel Company, surrounded by a number of log tourist cabins., as well as a shower and laundry house and other supporting structures.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the prominent site of the nearby Many Glacier Hotel, the auto camp is located in stands of mature trees that block direct views of the surrounding mountains. The facilities were intended to provide an inexpensive, informal alternative to the hotels that had heretofore provided the bulk of tourist accommodations. The camp was built by the Glacier Park Hotel Company, under pressure from the National Park Service to provide such accommodations.</p><br>
<p>The Glacier National Park Tourist Trails, including the Inside Trail, South Circle Trail and North Circle Trail, were established in Glacier National Park to connect a series of tourist camps and hotels established by the Great Northern Railway between 1910 and 1915. Prior to the construction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road, these trails were the primary form of circulation within the park. The trail system includes a number of bridges.</p><br>
<p>The three separate trail systems link Many Glacier, Two Medicine, Cut Bank, Saint Mary and Goathaunt ranger stations and visitor centers. Sites associated with the trail system include the Gunsight Pass Shelter, Packer&#39;s Roost, Pass Creek Snowshoe Cabin, Granite Park Chalet and the Ptarmigan Tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>North Circle</h2><br>
<p>The North Circle Trail describes a loop: Many Glacier - Cosley Lake - Goathaunt - Fifty Mountain - Granite Park - Many Glacier. During the 1920s, tent camps were located at Cosley Lake, Goathaunt and Fifty Mountain, as well as at Red Eagle. The trail&#39;s summit follows the Ptarmigan Wall, and was cut and blasted from the cliffside, passing through the Ptarmigan Tunnel to avoid a lengthy detour around the arête. The Park Saddle Horse Company operated multi-day excursions along the trail from 1925, stopping in turn at each camp or chalet.</p><br>
<h2>South Circle</h2><br>
<p>The South Circle Trail runs Lake McDonald Lodge - Sperry Chalet - Gunsight Pass - Sun Point - Piegan Pass - Many Glacier - Swiftcurrent Pass - Granite Park - Packer&#39;s Roost. A five-day route was operated on the trail by the Park Saddle Horse Company.</p><br>
<h2>Inside Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Inside Trail connects Two Medicine - Cut Bank - Red Eagle Lake - Saint Mary&#39;s Lake.The trail passes over Triple Divide Pass, where waters may drain to the Pacific, Atlantic or Arctic Oceans.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Packer&#39;s Roost West is located at the junction of several trails near the Going-to-the-Sun Road. It serves as a base camp for pack operations over the trails and for service trips to Sperry Chalet and Granite Park Chalet. The Granite Park Trail Cabin is a log structure of standard design, similar to many such structures in the park.</p><br>
<p>Tsepelovo  is a village in the Zagori region . It stands at a height of 1,200 meters in a panoramic location on the mountain range of Tymfi. It is the biggest of the 45 villages of Zagori and it was the seat of Tymfi municipality. Its name is of Slavic origin. It lies in the middle of the Vikos–Aoös National Park, 48 km from Ioannina.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Skamneli, east (distance: 4 km)</p><br>
<p>Vradeto, west (distance: 7 km)</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Founded in the 16th century, Tsepelovo became from the 18th century onwards the administrative center of Zagori. It remained relatively prosperous until the end of the Ottoman occupation (1912). The village was a local trade center, and remains so especially because of the trade of timber. In 1820, before the outbreak of the Greek Revolution and the defeat of Ali Pasha, the poet Ioannis Vilaras and the famous Epirote scholar Athanasios Psalidas came from Ioannina to prepare the people for the great national revolt. Psalidas also taught for 2 years at the local school.</p><br>
<p>The traditional stone architecture is visible in every building, in the village paths, dwellings and churches. The historical church of Agios Nikolaos was renovated at 1753 and decorated with unique wall paintings by exceptional painters of nearby Kapesovo.</p><br>
<p>Two kilometers out of the village, in the Vikaki (Greek: small Vikos) canyon lies the monastery of St John Rogovou. It was founded at 1028 by the sister of Emperor Romanos III Argyros of Byzantium. It was rebuilt in 1749, possibly after it was damaged by fire, and the frescoes were painted by iconographers from Kapesovo. Neofytos Doukas wanted to establish there the Higher School of Epirus (Ανωτέρα Σχολή), a high level educational institution. Because of the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence and the military conflicts the idea could not become reality.</p><br>
<p>The people of Tsepelovo used to emigrate within Greece to Macedonia, Thrace and to areas of southern Greece. Outside Greece, they mainly migrated to Asia Minor and the USA</p><br>
<p>Today, the village is a popular destination for tourists during the winter season.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Konstantinos Rados, merchant and member of Filiki Eteria.</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Kotopoulis, actor.</p><br>
<p>Marika Kotopouli (1887–1954), actress.</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Myrat, actor.</p><br>
<p>The Belly River Ranger Station Historic District in Glacier National Park includes several historic structures, including the original ranger station, now used as a barn. The rustic log structures were built beginning in 1912. Other buildings include a woodshed, built in 1927 to standard National Park Service plans and a cabin used as a fire cache.</p><br>
<p>The ranger station building is similar to those at Sherburne and Upper Lake McDonald, with the ranger&#39;s office and quarters downstairs and space for guests in the loft. The station is one of the oldest locations, established in 1912 and staffed by District Ranger Joe Cosley. It remains the only ranger station in Glacier which cannot be accessed by road. The present barn was the original 1912 ranger station.</p><br>
<p>The woodshed is a standard National Park Service design, built according to standard drawing G811. Woodsheds were an essential element of early ranger stations, providing shelter from the snow for work and storage. The fire cache, which is ised to house fire-fighting tools, was built in 1928 and used for accommodations for a time, then converted to fire cache use. It is substantially similar to the Kintla Lake fire cache.</p><br>
<p>There is no utility power at Belly River. Propane is used for heat, cooking and refrigeration.</p><br>
<p>The Bōyo Islands are a group of 41 islands that belong to Yamaguchi and Ehime Prefectures in the Inland Sea.</p><br>
<p>They Consist of</p><br>
<p>* Heigun-tō, 平郡島</p><br>
<p>* Suō Oshima Islands</p><br>
<p>** Suō-Oshima, also called Yashiro Island</p><br>
<p>** Nasake-jima, 情島</p><br>
<p>** Okikamuro Island, # 沖家室島</p><br>
<p>** 3 others</p><br>
<p>** 5 in Kumage group</p><br>
<p>* Kutsuna Islands (29)</p><br>
<p>** Nakashima Island (Ehime)</p><br>
<p>** Kuwaji Island, 津和地島</p><br>
<p>** Newaji Island, 怒和島</p><br>
<p>** Futakami Island, 二神島</p><br>
<p>** Muzuki Island, 睦月島</p><br>
<p>** Nogutsuna Island, 野忽那島</p><br>
<p>** Yuri Island, 由利島</p><br>
<p>** Tsurushi Island, 釣島 (uninhabited)</p><br>
<p>** Gogo Island, 興居島 (uninhabited)</p><br>
<p>** Hashima Island (Yamaguchi), 端島 (山口県) (uninhabited)</p><br>
<p>** Hashira Island, 柱島</p><br>
<p>** 18 more uninhabited</p><br>
<p>The Skyland Camp-Bowman Lake Ranger Station in Glacier National Park was originally built as the Culver Boys Military Academy. The main building, known variously as the Skyland Camp Messhall, Culver Boys Military Academy Messhall and Skyline Chalet, was built in 1920 and is a good example of National Park Service Rustic architecture. The main cabin, known as "Rainbow Lodge" was built by the boys of the academy in 1920 from red cedar logs, and is more elaborate and carefully detailed than typical ranger stations of this period. The interior is dominated by a stone fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The camp was originally owned by the Culver Military Academy of Culver, Indiana, which operated the camp as a concession within the park, on the shore of Bowman Lake. It operated for a few seasons, but poor management caused the National Park Service to terminate the camp&#39;s contract. With the camp falling into disrepair, the Park Service demolished all buildings except the Rainbow Lodge in 1940, rehabilitating the lodge for use as a ranger station. Two boathouses are included in the listed area, and many furnishings in the ranger station are contributing features.</p><br>
<p>Langa Langa Lagoon or Akwalaafu is a natural lagoon on the West coast of Malaita near the provincial capital Auki within the Solomon Islands. The lagoon is 21 km in length and just under 1 km wide. The "lagoon people" or "salt water people" live on small artificial islands built up on sand bars over time where they were forced to flee from the headhunters of mainland Malaita.</p><br>
<p>The islands in the lagoon are renowned for their shell money minting process, their "shark worship" beliefs, their shipbuilding skills and tourism. The most popular and well known of this islands is Laulasi which has had a thriving tourism industry dating back to the early 1970s; although tourism is largely underdeveloped. The Langa Langa Lagoon provides opportunities for snorkeling, and the villagers provide shell making demonstrations.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Langa in Solomons Pijin language means "along" or long.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In Malaita legend, the first settlement on the island began around 3,000 BC at a place called Siale. The first places in the Malaita area to be settled were Dukwasi (Kwaraae speaking people), and the Asi (man-made islands) namely: Aoke, Kaloka and Rarata in Langa Langa lagoon, Laulasi, Alite Koalia and Gwaata – Taalulolo. It is also believed the early settlers originated from Mt. Kolovrat (Alasaa),the highest peak on the main Malaita Island. The early settlers were believed to be castaways from the Alasa&#39;a community. They said, the people were forced out from the community because of bad behaviour and disrespect for custom and traditional way of living.</p><br>
<p>During their journey the final stopover was at Laulasi where they felt it was safe from enemies. After they had settled, other people began to arrive from different parts of Malaita and outside to settle in the Langalanga lagoon. They came from Small Malaita, Florida (Ngella), some came from the northern part of Guadalcanal believed to be from Longuvalasi area and others from the northern region of Malaita. Through inter-marriages, their descendants spread to the whole of the Langalanga lagoon. Certain cultural features or Tambu House (Place of the first settlements) are still preserved which attest to the settlement patterns that were made.</p><br>
<h3>1800 to 1900</h3><br>
<p>From the 1870s to 1903 Malaitan men (and some women) comprised the largest number of Solomon Islander participants in the indentured labour trade to Queensland, Australia and to Fiji. The 1870s were a time of illegal recruiting practices known as Blackbirding. Malaitans are known to have volunteered as indentured labourers with some making their second trip to work on plantations, although the labour system remained exploitative. In 1901 the Commonwealth of Australia enacted the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 which facilitated the deportation of Pacific Islanders that was the precursor to the White Australia policy. However many islanders remained and formed the South Sea Islander community of Australia.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 then Gibson of HMS Curacoa (1854) sailed around the islands to declare a protectorate with the only opposition by the Laulasi villagers who refused the British flag. When Gibson asked why the flag was refused, the villages were afraid that their acceptance of it would signify to the bush people that by aligning themselves with Britain the lagoon dwellers were preparing for war and this would lead the bush people discontinuing trade with the lagoon people, who had no gardens and were dependent on food. Britain was provided with a "plausible excuse for protecting the Solomons" and so protecting their labour reserves. By declaring a protectorate, the British were able to justify keeping out other colonial powers.</p><br>
<h3>1911 – Author Jack London</h3><br>
<p>American author Jack London traveled to Langa Langa in a yacht in 1908.</p><br>
<p>"We ran down the lagoon from Langa Langa, between mangrove swamps through passages scaresly wider than the Monota, and passed the reef villages of Kaloka and Auki. Like the founders of Venice, these salt water men were originally refugees form the mainland. Too weak to hold their own in the bush, survivors of village massacres, they fled to the sand banks of the lagoon. These sand banks they built up into islands and they were compelled to seek their provender from the sea. They developed canoo bodies, unable to walk about, spending all their time in the canoos, they became thick armed and broad shouldered with narrow waists and frail legs" (p 138)</p><br>
<p>"I sailed in the teak-built ketch, the Minota, on a blackbirding cruise to Malaita, and I took my wife along. The hatchet-marks were still raw on the door of our tiny stateroom advertising an event of a few months before. The event was the taking of Captain Mackenzie&#39;s head, Captain Mackenzie, at that time, being master of the Minota.... As we sailed in to Langa-Langa on the shore side of the lagoon, was Binu, the place where the Minota was captured a year previously and her captain killed by the bushmen of Malaita, having been hacked to pieces and eaten" (p 135)</p><br>
<p>"He (Mackenzie) believed in kindness. He also contended that better confidence was established by carrying no weapons. On his second trip to Malaita, recruiting,he ran into Bina, which is near Langa Langa. The rifles with which the boat&#39;s-crew should have been armed, were locked up in his cabin. When the whale-boat went ashore after recruits, he paraded around the deck without even a revolver on him. He was tomahawked. His head remains in Malaita. It was suicide.</p><br>
<p>The Log of the Snark states:</p><br>
<p>".still bore the tomahawk marks where the Malaitans at Langa Langa several months before broke in for the trove of rifles and ammunition locked therein, after bloodily slaughtering Jansen&#39;s predecessor, Captain Mackenzie. The burning of the vessel was somehow prevented by the black crew, but this was so unprecedented that the owner feared some complicity between them and the attacking party. However, it could not be proved, and we sailed with the majority of this same crew. The present skipper smilingly warned us that the same tribe still required two more heads from the Minota, to square up for deaths on the Ysabel plantation. (p 387)</p><br>
<p>"Three fruitless days were spent at Su&#39;u. The Minota got no recruits from the bush and the bushmen got no heads from the Minota. We towed out with a whaleboat and ran along the coast to Langa Langa, a large village of salt-water people built with labour on a sand bank – literally built up"</p><br>
<h3>World War 2</h3><br>
<p>The island of Laulasi was the subject of the worst civilian casualties in the Solomon Islands during a bombing raid by American bombers during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural Practices and Beliefs</h2><br>
<p>The LangaLanga/Wala and Kwaraae people more or less have the same cultural and traditional practices and follow the same chiefly system. Male children for example are more valued than females because they will continue with the line or tribe. Girls are not so preferred because they leave the community when they get married. Boys are separated from their parents when they are around 12 or 13 years old to live separate in the mens houses. Around that age, they are taught by the fathers basic important skills such as fishing, building houses, making canoes or cutting and sewing sago palm leaves.</p><br>
<p>Girls on the other hand, they stay with their mother and taught household cores such as cooking, weeding around the house, cleaning and looking after their younger brothers of sisters. One of the important things that girls learn at an early age too is how to make shell money.</p><br>
<p>Historically, chiefs in the Langalanga lagoon are looked upon as very important in uniting communities. Normally, chiefs are chosen from chiefly tribes or clan. Villages in the past used to have threes chiefs, Fa&#39;atabu who makes offering and communicated with the spirits and ancestors, the Ramo is responsible for tribal warfare and Waenotolo is the chief responsible for controlling, organising, leadership and uniting the whole community.</p><br>
<p>Priests in Laulasi live in "spirit houses," and when they die, their bodies are taken to the nearby village of Alite to decompose, after which the skulls are brought back and placed in a "house of skulls."</p><br>
<p>On the side of the island is an inlet where custom priests calls the sharks to come to the surface. The sharks are re-incarnation of the people&#39;s ancestors who died many years before. They also offer sacrifices to the sharks in the form of pigs. Ordinary men are not allowed to visit the shark site unless invited by the custom priest.</p><br>
<p>According to local legend, a fisherman whose boat capsizes at sea may call on a shark to rescue him; after being rescued and returned to shore, he must sacrifice a pig, or else the shark will eat him next time he goes out to sea.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s many of the LangaLanga villages were Christian. Many of the communities previously sited on the artificial islands had been shifted to the mainland, with encouragement from the missionaries anxious to promote a clean break with the pagan past, and inducement in the form of greater access to land for subsistence farming.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Traditionally, there had been substantive trade between the Langalanga people and people from Buin (Bougainville) in shell money until the emergence of the Bougainville crisis. Most of the private ship owners from the constituency generated capital through shell money trade to build their ships. They took shell money to Buin and traded it for cash and used the cash to build wooden boats.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, it has been a driving business which can be conservatively valued at $50,000.00 to $100,000.00 per annum. Shell money products include bracelets, necklaces, Tafuliae, Haa (smaller beads shell money used in some parts of the country), ear rings, finger ring, head bands&#39; etc.</p><br>
<p>At present, unfortunately, the industry is slowly declining due to input scarcity. The major supplier of raw material South Malaita is not willing to supply any more shells. The only supplier which still sell raw materials to Langalanga people is Western Province although not reliable and in very small quantity.</p><br>
<h2>Shell money</h2><br>
<p>The history of shell-money making in the Langa Langa lagoon is patchy. Stories retold from myths said that the first person to introduce shell money to the Langalanga lagoon was a woman from Buin in Bougainville. She was banished and floated in a coconut shell from Buin to Guadalcanal and finally to Malaita and landed at Tafilo, a village at Lalana near Laulasi.</p><br>
<p>As the production rate increased, shell resources were depleted, particularly in Langalanga lagoon. Even in the 1970s some types of shell were rare.</p><br>
<p>The limited land available for agriculture, has the consequence that the production of shell money is a continuing source of income. The creation of shell money is also an important cultural symbol to the people of the Langalanga lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Four different types of shell are used in making shell money, A red lipped rock oyster known as "romu" (Chama pacifica in the family Chamidae), white shell known as "ke&#39;e" (Beguina semiorbiculata in the Carditidae), black horse mussel shells called "kurila" (Atrina vexillum in the Pinnidae) and thick white disks from a rigid cockle known as "kakadu" or"kakandu" (Anadara granosa in the Arcidae)</p><br>
<h2>Boatbuilding</h2><br>
<p>The Annual Report on the British Solomon Islands dated 1953 states</p><br>
<p>".a flourishing boat building industry has been established and cutters are being built for the inter-island trade. A boatbuilding school has been established.</p><br>
<p>Generally, the Lanagalanga people are very skilful boat builders. It can be said that it is unique to the constituency. In the early stages people used to build dingies. Later, with improvements in skills, they built what they referred to as "Carter boats" which are sharp at both ends. They used sails to travel around Malaita and to other Islands such as Guadalcanal and Isabel. Commercial boat building in the constituency started in the 1960s around the time when the Government established a boat building school in Auki. Mr. Frank Faulker who used to teach at the school and who now settled in Auki, is said to be the main person behind the success of the industry in Langalanga.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing practices</h2><br>
<p>The people of Langalanga developed fishing practices for the lagoon and the ocean with the fishing usually done from a canoe. A common method is angling, that was formerly carried out using lure hooks made of shell shanks or with baited hooks made of bone or shell. In the lagoon the fishing practices included spearing, netting, and collecting marine invertebrates, including by diving. Some traditional fishing practices have been abandoned include using fish traps (afeafe and ere’ere), the fish-drive (rarabu) using coconut leaves, fish-poisoning, kite-fishing (kwaferao), and angling with a straight hook (lana).</p><br>
<p>Futalaufquen Lake is located in the Argentine province of Chubut. This name came from the Mapudungun language. "Futa" means great, and "laufquen" means lake.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lake Futalaufquen is located within the national park Los Alerces. It originates from a glacier, and is in a deep valley, the ancient remains of a large glacier that was there 10,000 years behind the end of the last ice age.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The surface lies at an altitude of 518 meters with an area of 44,600,000 square meters (44.6 square km).</p><br>
<p>The average depth is 101 meters and the greatest depth is 168 meters.</p><br>
<p>The length of its shores is 72.5 km.</p><br>
<p>The area of the water basin is 2,920 km.</p><br>
<p>The volume of water contained in the lake is 4.51 billion km or metric tonnes.</p><br>
<p>It lets 150m of water into the Río Futaleufú each second.</p><br>
<p>On average, water stays in the lake for 0.94 year.</p><br>
<h2>Outlet</h2><br>
<p>It leaves the basin by means of the Río Futaleufú, from which the water crosses the mountains to empty into the Pacific Ocean in Chile.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Translated from the French version of this page.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Coal Creek Patrol Cabin in Glacier National Park, Montana, is a rustic backcountry log cabin. Built in 1925, the cabin has a single room with a board floor and a small cellar for a food cache. The cabin was used by rangers on patrol routes from the Nyack and Paola ranger stations.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is notable for its original roof construction, which consisted of peeled logs laid along the pitch of the roof, culminating in a log ridgepole. The added weight was borne by double log purlins, one on top of the other. The configuration was apparently intended to protect against deadfalls, falling trees or branches. The logs were replaced by shingles in the 1940s and by metal in the 1960s. While the Paola ranger station was abandoned in 1932, as well as the Nyack station, the Coal Creek cabin is maintained and used by trail maintenance crews.</p><br>
<p>The Dauphin County Courthouse is a government building of Dauphin County located in the county seat, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 2, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current building is the third county courthouse built in Dauphin County. The first courthouse was built in 1792 at Market and Court Streets. The first courthouse was removed in 1860 and the second was built in its location. The second building was removed in 1948. Plans were drawn up for a new courthouse in 1938 due to complaints about the deteriorating conditions of the building. The current courthouse was designed in 1940 by the Harrisburg architectural firm Lawrie and Green. It was completed in 1942. The interior artwork was done by sculptor C. Paul Jennewein.</p><br>
<p>The Van Horn Mansion was built by Judge James Van Horn in 1823. It is the site of the Town of Newfane&#39;s first town meeting, April 6, 1824. The name for the Town of Newfane is believed to be chosen by the town Postmaster. The Mansion includes 16 rooms and five bathrooms. It is located on Lockport-Olcott Road in Niagara County, New York on Route 78 and is also considered to be haunted. It is one many National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County.</p><br>
<h2>Judge James Van Horn</h2><br>
<p>Judge James Van Horn was born in the state of New Jersey. James Van Horn moved north as the famous Erie Canal was being built. Van Horn settled in Newfane in 1817 with 9 children. Van Horn built a gristmill and was the first builder of a wool mill in Niagara County, New York in 1842. Van Horn became one of four of Niagara Countys first judges in 1821. In 1823, he built the brick Georgian-style Van Horn Mansion which was the first brick home in Newfane. James Van Horn was the Town of Newfane Supervisor from 1829-1831.</p><br>
<h2>The Mansion after the Van Horns</h2><br>
<p>The last surviving Van Horn descent sold the mansion to W.H. Davis of New York City in 1910. In 1922, it was owned by Herbert Pease. Douglas Patterson of Nova Scotia, Canada, purchased the mansion in 1929 after a short ownership by the Cramer Brothers. During that time until 1938, Patterson opened a community skating rink to the residents of Newfane. In 1939, the structure suffered a fire. Mary Wagner in 1949 received the mansion and helped to renovate it for an upscale restaurant known as Green Acres. In 1959, the building was converted into apartments by John Strickland and eventually was left for vandals. The Noury Chemical Company acquired the structure and then donated it to the Newfane Historical Society in 1987. The Newfane Historical Society has maintained its splendor and value to present day. It has held Victorian teas, tours, and underwent numerous volunteer renovation programs over the years.</p><br>
<h2>Haunting Occurrences</h2><br>
<p>Researcher Joe Nickell has written that there is no credible evidence the mansion is haunted. He wrote that the various incidents at the mansion have simple physical causes or are the result of misperception and suggestion. Nickell discovered that there were many contradictory and exaggerated stories about Malinda. He also attended some séances in 2003 and discovered the table-tipping phenomena was the result of the ideomotor effect.</p><br>
<h2>Interior/Exterior of the Van Horn</h2><br>
<p>Monodendri  is a village in the Ioannina regional unit  in Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Central Zagori in the Zagori region, and is located 41 km north of the city of Ioannina.</p><br>
<p>Monodendri is built at a height of 1060 meters and retains much of the traditional stone-built architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Monodendri" came into use only in the beginning of the 19th century. Its origin is in a very large tree, whose remains still existed in 1910. The village was previously considered a neighbourhood of Vitsa.</p><br>
<p>As with the other Zagori villages, Monodendri enjoyed an extended period of commercial and economic prosperity during the 17th and 18th centuries. There were schools built, churches in the Byzantine style and luxurious stone manors (Αρχοντικά). The first school, the Scholarcheion, was`founded in 1750. In the school taught among others Paparousis, who later in 1814 taught in the Academy of Bucharest and in Vienna, where he published an article on Physical Science in Logios Hermes (Hermes ho Logios). In the Scholarcheion also taught the renowned Neophytos Dotos (1814–18) and Anastasios Sakellarios from 1825 to 1830, when he left to direct the new Zosimaia School in Ioannina. The school is said to have had also some distinguished students, among them Georgios Gennadios and the revolutionary leader Markos Botsaris from Souli.</p><br>
<p>Monodendri was the birthplace of the merchants and national benefactors Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, and of Angelos Kitsos (former president of the Rizarios Foundation). There were three schools in Monodendri in the 19th century, a primary school (“Ellinikon” or Common School of Greek Studies (Greek: Κοινή Σχολή Ελληνικών Μαθημάτων) founded by the brothers Manthos and Georgios Rizaris in 1835) and housed in their original home, an Allelodidaktikon (high school) and a school for girls, the Parthenagogeion, also founded by the Rizaris brothers in 1841.</p><br>
<p>Monodendrites usually immigrated to Macedonia and Southern Greece. Outside Greece, they immigrated to Egypt, Romania, Asia Minor, Africa and the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church of Aghios Athanasios, in the middle of the central square, is of significant historical value. The bequests of the Rizari brothers are visible in the village today, and include the Rizarios Exhibition Center, the Rizarios Handicraft School and the primary school. The amphitheatrically built stone theater, in the village end, is used for cultural festivals during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The monastery of St Elias dates from the period of the foundation of Monodendri at the turn of the 15th century. From the same time dates also the church of St George (Agios Georgios). Georgios Gennadios and Markos Botsaris were during their childhood students at the monastery of St Elias.</p><br>
<p>Near the village lies the historic monastery of Agia Paraskevi, built on the edge of the Vikos Gorge. The monastery was founded in 1412 by Michael Voevodas Therianos and the people of Vitsa, as stated on an inscription, during the reign of Carlo I Tocco. It was a property of the monastery of St Elias but was refounded as a nunnery in 1778. The panoramic view from the monastery is spectacular.</p><br>
<p>Because of its scenery and traditional architecture Monodendri attracts some tourism, especially during the Christmas period.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Monodendrites</h2><br>
<p>The national benefactors Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, founders of the Rizareios Foundation in Athens in 1841 and of the Rizareios Ecclesiastical School in 1844, while Monodendri was still under Ottoman rule.</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Koniaris, mayor of Athens in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Semitelos (1828–1898), scholar.</p><br>
<p>Hepner Hall, designed by the senior architectural designer of the, Howard Spencer Hazen, and completed in 1931, is the iconic academic building in the center of San Diego State University &#39;s campus, just north of Malcolm A. Love Library at the entrance to the Campanile Walkway and main quad.</p><br>
<p>Hepner Hall is home to SDSU&#39;s School of Social Work, along with the Department of Gerontology and the University Center on Aging. Several faculty offices and research centers also are housed in Hepner Hall, along with an assortment of classrooms and lecture halls.</p><br>
<h2>Symbol of the SDSU campus</h2><br>
<p>Hepner Hall is the symbol of the campus, with its Mission Revival Style architecture, open-faced bell tower and archway.</p><br>
<h3>SDSU logo and seal</h3><br>
<p>Hepner Hall is the centerpiece of SDSU&#39;s revised logo and presidential seal, which were unveiled in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Entrance to the building is gained through the building&#39;s impressive portales, which are framed by turquoise and white tile. Two massive turrets frame the Catalan-style archway, which is topped by a Mission-style bell tower (campanario). Inside the archway is a ribbed Moorish-style arch vaulted ceiling with a simulated Moorish wrought iron lantern hanging from its center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the original buildings on the SDSU campus, originally Hepner Hall was the Arts and Letters Building. It was renamed in 1976 in honor of Walter R. Hepner, President of the university from 1935 to 1952. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Reclus , also written as Reclús, is a volcano located in the Southern Patagonia Ice Field, Chile. Part of the Austral Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit rises 1,000 m above sea level and is capped by an about 1 km wide crater. Close to the volcano lies the Amalia Glacier, which is actively eroding Reclus.</p><br>
<p>The volcano has been active during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. A large eruption - among the largest known in the Austral Volcanic Zone - occurred 15,260 - 14,373 years before present and released over 5 km3 of tephra. This tephra fell out over a large area of Patagonia as far as Tierra del Fuego, and disrupted the ecosystem in the region. Subsequently, further but smaller eruptions occurred during the Pleistocene and Holocene; the last historical eruption was in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is remote and monitoring began only recently. Two dams are located close to the volcano and might be impacted by future eruptions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>South of the Chile Triple Junction, the Antarctic Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate at a rate of 2 cm/year. This subduction process is responsible for volcanic activity in the Austral Volcanic Zone; south of the southernmost volcano of this zone Fueguino the subduction gives way to strike-slip faulting. Characteristically, this subduction process is not accompanied by much earthquake activity.</p><br>
<p>Not all volcanism at these latitudes was triggered by subduction; during the Miocene the Chile Rise was subducted here and this caused a temporary pause of the subduction process and the formation of a slab window. During this period, southern Patagonia was subject to extensive basaltic volcanism. Later subduction restarted and the Austral Volcanic Zone was born.</p><br>
<p>Farther north in Chile and Argentina, volcanism occurs as a consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate, forming the Central Volcanic Zone in northern Chile and Argentina and the Southern Volcanic Zone in southern Chile and Argentina. These two volcanic zones are separated from each other and the Austral Volcanic Zone by gaps without recent volcanic activity.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Reclus is a 1,000 m high pyroclastic cone, featuring a 1 km wide summit crater. Seen from above, the volcano has the shape of an egg; the pointy end points due west and consists of 150 - thick remnants of dacitic rocks of pre- or inter-glacial times. The rest of the volcano consists of a 2,000 m wide outcrop of violet-reddish-brown pyroclastic material that is in part covered by snow. Traces of glacial erosion are not widespread on the edifice, but a radial pattern of erosional gullys overlays the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The volcano rises within the cirque of the Amalia Glacier and the glacier is actively eroding Reclus; retreat of the glacier in the 1980s has exposed part of the volcano. Reclus lies about 10 km east of the Amalia Fjord. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field and the Cordillera Sarmiento are found in the neighbourhood of Reclus, and Torres del Paine is 30 km east of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was at first confused with Cerro Mano del Diablo, a mountain located southwest of Reclus proper and formed by sedimentary rocks; only in 1987 was the volcano&#39;s true location discovered. This volcano like other volcanoes of the Austral Volcanic Zone is not monitored and lies at considerable distance from human habitation. This remoteness of the volcanoes in the region and the often hostile weather conditions make it often difficult to identify volcanoes and their precise location.</p><br>
<p>Reclus is part of the Austral Volcanic Zone, a belt of volcanoes at the southernmost tip of South America. It includes six volcanoes, from north to south Lautaro, Viedma, Aguilera, Reclus, Monte Burney and Fueguino. These volcanoes are not very high, seldom exceeding 3,000 m of height. With the exception of the last they are all stratovolcanoes with glaciers and evidence of Holocene activity; Lautaro erupted in 1959. Activity in the Austral Volcanic Zone has resulted in the widespread deposition of tephra in southernmost South America. All of them have erupted exclusively andesite or dacite; basalts or basaltic andesite are absent in contrast of the Southern Volcanic Zone farther north. These rocks in the case of the Austral Volcanic Zone are all of adakitic character, but there does not appear to be an unifying reason for this chemistry among the various volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>Aguilera, Reclus and Burney are constructed along the eastern margin of the Patagonian Batholith. Metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age are also part of the basement. The terrain surrounding Reclus is formed by the volcanic-sedimentary El Quemado and Zapata formations.</p><br>
<h3>Petrology</h3><br>
<p>The groundmass of Reclus rocks is compositionally dacite to rhyolite, and contains phenocrysts of amphibole, hornblende, orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Plagioclase and quartz also form xenocrysts. The magmas of Reclus appear to form from slab melts that interacted with the mantle.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>A tephra layer discovered in Laguna Potrok Aike and dated to 44,000 - 51,000 years ago may come from Reclus. However, the potassium content of this tephra seems to correlate more with Lautaro or Viedma.</p><br>
<h3>R1 eruption</h3><br>
<p>A large eruption, called "R1", occurred at the end of the last glacial maximum at Reclus, it was dated by radiocarbon dating to have occurred 12,640 ± 260 radiocarbon years ago. Its total volume has been estimated at over 5 km3, exceeding that of Holocene eruptions in the region including the 1991 eruption of Cerro Hudson.</p><br>
<p>The R1 tephra, originally identified in Patagonia as "Tephra A", was deposited at various sites in southernmost Chile and Argentina such as Bahía Inutil, Brunswick Peninsula, Cardiel Lake, Dawson Island, Estrecho de Magellanes, Fitzroy Channel, Muñoz Gamero Peninsula, Laguna Potrok Aike, Puerto del Hambre, Río Rubens in Patagonia, Seno Otway, Seno Skyring, Tierra del Fuego and in the Última Esperanza Province. Some of these deposits were formed by tephra that originally fell onto glaciers and was later transported to the eventual finding sites. The tephra emission from this and later eruptions surely dirupted the local ecosystem and human habitations in the region as far south as Tierra del Fuego, possibly causing the extinction of a regional vicuña population in Patagonia.</p><br>
<p>The composition of the tephra varies between different outcrops; outcrops in Tierra del Fuego lack biotite unlike closer deposits, which also lack mica. These deposits have been used as stratigraphic and chronological markers for events at the end of the last glaciation in the region. Further, ice cores taken at Taylor Dome in Antarctica display a spike in about 16,000 years ago, which may have originated at Reclus.</p><br>
<h3>Late Pleistocene and Holocene</h3><br>
<p>12,000 years before present, a large eruption occurred at Reclus and deposited ash over the Grey Glacier and Tyndal Glacier of the Southern Patagonian Ice Shield. Ash fell as far as the Estrecho de Magallanes, including the area of Bahia Inutil, Dawson Island and Punta Arenas. The date of the eruption has been constrained with radiocarbon dating to 12,010 ± 55 years before present.</p><br>
<p>A set of tephras discovered at Torres del Paine, Nordenskjöld Lake and other locations in Patagonia and emplaced between 8,270 ± 90 and 9,435 ± 40 radiocarbon years ago may have originated in minor eruptions of Reclus. One of these eruptions at 9,180 ± 120 radiocarbon years ago might have deposited ash as far as Tierra del Fuego.</p><br>
<p>A 3,780 years old peat has been covered by tephra at least six times. Eruptions have also been inferred from tephra deposits elsewhere:</p><br>
<p>12,480 years before present also and deposited ash in Tierra del Fuego.</p><br>
<p>10,430 years before present, found in Torres del Paine.</p><br>
<p>9,624 years before present, found in Torres del Paine.</p><br>
<p>A tephra with an age of 10,600 - 10,200 also comes from Reclus and originated in an eruption smaller than the R1 event.</p><br>
<p>A tephra dated to 2,000 years before present in Torres del Paine have been attributed to Reclus. The tephra has been found in Lago Guanaco, Lago Margarita and Vega Nandú.</p><br>
<p>A tephra dated 1,789 radiocarbon years ago in Lago Guanaco, Torres del Paine.</p><br>
<p>Another tephra dated 1,035 radiocarbon years ago in Lago Guanaco, Torres del Paine.</p><br>
<p>Finally, a tephra in Lake Arthuro of Santa Inés Island appears to come from an eruption at Reclus 1,040 years before present.</p><br>
<p>A tephra identified in an ice core at Talos Dome, Antarctica, and emplaced there 3,390 years before present is compositionally similar to Reclus products. However, there is little evidence for large eruptions at Reclus during the late Holocene and Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcano in the Southern Volcanic Zone has been proposed as a source for this tephra.</p><br>
<h3>Historical activity</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, sailors on the HMS Alert observed a volcanic eruption in an icefield and named the volcano Reclus after Élisée Reclus, but the Global Volcanism Program indicates that an earlier eruption occurred in 1869. The volcano first appeared in the 1922 edition of the map West Coast of South América from Magellan Strait to Valparaíso. Legends of the Tehuelche people about "black smoke" in the region could also refer to volcanic activity at Reclus.</p><br>
<p>The last recorded eruption of Reclus was in 1908, but local press reports in the 1980s and 1990s attributed earthquakes to volcanic activity at Reclus and Burney. Seismic activity was noted at Reclus in 1998 and 2003, and possible eruption phenomena were reported in 2008 in form of tephra deposition and cracks in the glaciers. In 2015, the Chilean SERNAGEOMIN announced that they would install an experimental surveillance system at Reclus. Ash from a future eruption of Reclus could be swept into the reservoirs of Néstor Kirchner Dam and Jorge Cepernic Dam on the Santa Cruz River, impacting their activity.</p><br>
